Motor Vehicle Safety Laws and Public Health Essay

â€Å"The U. S. Congress responded with the National Highway Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the Highway Safety Act of 1966, creating a new federal program to address motor vehicle safety† (Waller, para. 5). This act allows the federal government to implement laws regarding motor vehicle safety. This act created the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). William Haddon, public health physician, was the first director of the NHTSA. He was the first to set safety standard for motor vehicles and the first to administer programs for driver’s licensing, impaired driving from alcohol, motorcycle safety and etc. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards are applied to new motor vehicle. â€Å"Legislation enacted in 1966 requires the federal government to establish safety standards for new motor vehicles sold in the United States, whether of domestic or foreign manufacture† (Waller, para. 16). These standards have prevented people from getting seriously injured during a motor vehicle accident. FMVSS, including softer instrument panels, head restraints, energy absorbing steering columns, and high penetration-resistant windshields, have saved thousands of lives and prevented tens of thousands of injuries† (Waller, para. 17). FMVSS also requires safety belts and child safety seats meet certain safety standards. State Laws Every state is required by law to follow the federal government’s standards. Most states have additional safety standards and programs regarding motor vehicle safety. The state of Maryland follows federal motor vehicle safety standards, as well as, their own safety standards. As of last year, Maryland set a new standard of no texting and talking on cell phones while driving, even at red lights. â€Å"Texting and talking on a cell phone while driving is illegal in Maryland; it is not safe for anyone and it can be especially dangerous for teens† (Young, para. 1). Texting and talking on cell phones while driving can become a huge distraction for drivers and has caused a lot of accidents. Maryland also has standards for unattended children in a motor vehicle. Every child that is unattended in a motor vehicle, especially during extreme hot and cold conditions, can get seriously injured which is why it is illegal. Legislative Laws These laws, federal and state, fall under legislative laws. Legislative laws are first called bills that are enacted by Congress, General Assembly and the President. For federal laws, the bill has to be passed through the U. S Congress and then signed by the President. Fore state laws, the bill has to be passed through the General Assembly and then signed by the State’s Governor. The U. S Congress can veto the President’s decision if the majority of Congress agrees. The same thing goes to the General Assembly. If the General Assembly disagrees with the Governor’s decision then the majority of the General Assembly can veto his decisions. For Motor Vehicle Safety, each state has to follow federal laws but they can pass their own laws to prevent motor vehicle injuries. State laws cannot contradict with federal laws. Most motor vehicle accidents occur from impairment driving from alcohol, recklessness and inexperienced. Public health is preventing people from injuries and diseases. With the help of these laws, there will be fewer motor vehicle accidents which will cause fewer injuries and deaths. â€Å"The reduction of the rate of death attributable to motor-vehicle crashes in the United States represents the successful public health response to a great technologic advance of the 20th century† (Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, para. 1). Every standard that is regulated is there to prevent motor vehicle accidents from occurring. â€Å"In 1966, passage of the Highway Safety Act and the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act authorized the federal government to set and regulate standards for motor vehicles and highways, a mechanism necessary for effective prevention† (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, para. 3). Every new vehicle is designed to protect people from serious injuries when involved in an accident. Relating to Public Health Every year, the amount of motor vehicle deaths has decreased. Reductions in motor vehicle injury and death represent a major public health success† (Waller, para. 1). Motor vehicle accidents are still one of the largest causes of deaths in the United States. â€Å"Traffic crashes are identified as the ninth leading cause of death worldwide, and it is estimated that by the year 2020 traffic crashes will be the third largest cause of death and disability in the world† (Waller, para. 3). With setting more safety standards, motor vehicle accidents can decrease if everyone follows these standards. Preventing injuries from motor vehicle accidents will save many lives. â€Å"The record of motor vehicle injury prevention nevertheless represents a major success in public health in the United States† (Waller, para. 4). The estimation of motor vehicle accidents being the third cause of death and disability by 2020 can change by then if more safety standards and programs are issued. Federal and State Government It can take a lot to prevent motor vehicle accidents but if all standards are regulated then fewer motor vehicle accidents will happen. State and local governments have enacted and enforced laws that affect motor-vehicle and highway safety, driver licensing and testing, vehicle inspections, and traffic regulations† (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, para. 5). The federal and state government should continue to play a role in preventing motor vehicle accidents. If the federal and state government does not play a role in motor vehicle safety then there will be more injuries from accidents. The only reason why there has been a reduction in motor vehicle accidents is because of the standards regulated by federal and state governments.

Restrictions on Overseas Trade in Turkey Case Study

Restrictions on Overseas Trade in Turkey - Case Study Example Turkey being a natural bridge between the old continents of Asia, Africa and Europe, has a vast scope of overseas trading. But still the government of Turkey plonk restrictions on overseas trade. (Fletcher, 2006) The investment climate of Turkey, that forms barriers for any outsider, whether large or small, domestic or foreign, cause problems that affect all economic sectors of the country, particularly the telecommunication sector. The major problems which agitate Turkey's economy are shortage of well functioning capital market, limited expertise in banking system and technologically oriented companies, partial regulatory process that always intend to restrain new companies and buoy up existing companies, specially those belonging to prominent business families of the country. Companies in Turkey both the private enterprises and public enterprises specially, suffer from corruption in various levels of the organizational hierarchy. The judicial system of the country, up to some extent, can be suspected to be influenced by external political and commercial mal forces. Growing personal and political relationship between government officials and business representatives form the basis of corruption, which appears to be the most serious problem biting up the economy of the country. Barriers in investment of the private sectors and the foreign companies in the markets in Turkey is also a matter of concern. The Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) between Turkey and United States of America came into force in May 1990. Due to liberal investment regime of turkey, foreign investors are provided with national treatment in the country. In Turkey companies possessing foreign capital are treated as local companies. Regardless of nationality, private sector investments are always hindered by the facts like political and economical uncertainty, lack of judicial stability, and unwarranted bureaucracy, and high tax rate, unpredictable changes in legal and regulatory environment, fragile framework for corporate governance etc. All areas except finance and petroleum sectors are fully open to foreign participation. Though the petroleum and financial areas are open to the private sectors and foreign investors in Turkey, Special permission is required for the foreign companies to establish business in these sectors. (Lamb, 2006) Foreign share holders have restricted equity participation ratio, such as near about twenty percent in Broadcasting industry, forty nine percent in aviation, marine transportation and value added telecommunication services industries. Sometimes arbitrary legislative action under cut the rationale for the investments of the foreign companies committed to the Turkish market. International settlement of investment disputes between foreign investors and the state remain bonded by efforts of the government of turkey, following the inscriptions mentioned in the Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) signed by both the concerned parties. For several years the government of Turkey was providing concessions in public services, to the private investors and specially the foreign investors. According to the

Change management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Change management - Essay Example Change management could either be individual change management or organizational change management. The individual change management consists of three steps – unfreezing, adapting to change and refreezing. The in the first stage the existing mind-set has to be released and then the confusion and transition starts. In the third stage the new mind-set is crystallized and the individual’s comfort levels returns to the previous level. There has to be awareness why change is needed, desire to support and participate in the change, the knowledge how to change, the ability to implement new skills and behavior, and finally sustain change. Organizational change management requires processes and tools for managing the people side of the change at an organizational level. The management needs to first detect the trends in the macro and micro environment. Change in an organization can be due to downsizing, redundancy, change of management through mergers and acquisition, change due to expansion, and most important due to the advancements in technology. According to Worrall, Campbell & Cooper (1999) redundancy is the most evocative and fear inducing form of organizational change for many workers. Landale (2004) believes motivation is the key to empower the staff and get the front line managers to take collectively responsibility. A study by Patterson et al., (1997) confirmed that management of people was more important than the combined effect of strategy, product, service quality, or even the manufacturing technology or the expenditure on R&D (cited by Gollan, 2006). There is a definite relationship between employee performance and their attitude. Communication organizational aims and objectives are important. Difficult issues can be resolved through discussions. Honesty, trust, openness, employee participation, all helps to achieve high motivation among staff. Recognition of staff through promotional material also helped to

Teaching Listening Skill In Public High Schools In The Kingdom of Essay

Teaching Listening Skill In Public High Schools In The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - Essay Example This essay declares that listening comprehension is a process in which listeners take part in the role of discriminating between sounds, understanding grammatical structures and vocabulary, interpreting stress and intonation, and consequently interpreting the utterance within the context. It is not easy to master listening skill and for this reason most second language learners feel frustrated about it. This report makes a conclusion that all humans are born with an innate ability to hear, though, hearing is not listening. A number of factors must be considered to help second language students develop effective listening skill. Models of the listening process which include the bottom up, interactive and top down are basic in teaching listening skills. Children gain the entire list of phonemes for the first language so easily early in the language acquisition process. This is, however, not the case with adults intending to learn a second language; it is usually very problematic. When one is past puberty, the brain has already programmed all first language phonemes that it intends to recognize into fixed categories. Creating another set for the phonemes of second language is difficult. Second language speakers tend to assimilate the second language phonemes into their established first language system. It is for this reason that speakers find it challenging to distinguish between thei r native language and the second language.

The Role of Civil Engineering Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Role of Civil Engineering - Research Paper Example Finally, I will attempt to examine the future of civil engineering and connect it with some aspects of my life and the world. What Civil Engineers Do â€Å"Civil engineers design and supervise the construction of a variety of structures. They work on bridges, dams, tunnels, highways, airstrips, water supply and sewage systems and other structures† (Ferguson 128). Basically, civil engineering is the branch of engineering that is responsible for the building of structures in a given society. Civil engineering ensures that appropriate housing and infrastructure are set up to support the population of a given community. Civil engineering involves numerous activities that are connected to the building of these structures. There are structural matters which involve the evaluation of land/environment and analysis of the most appropriate structure that could be set up in that area. This involves various forms of scientific measurements like surveying and calculations which provides an overview of what and how a given building or structure could be set up in a given place. Water resource engineering is another aspect of civil engineering. This involves the use of science and principles of engineering to build structures that will enable the society to benefit from these water resources or reduce their disruption. The former involves the building of dams and irrigation systems to ensure that water resources are used for the optimum results of the society. The latter involves the creation of dykes and canals to ensure that human beings can be protected from the effects of waterbodies and have good and productive social and commercial lives. Another aspect of civil engineering is construction. Construction involves the building of houses and other commercial structures that are meant to provide shelter for people. This involves the scientific use of building materials to provide the best of services. Transport infrastructure is another important aspect of civil engi neering. Civil engineering leads to the creation of roads, bridges and harbors to ensure that people can move from one point to the other in the most convenient way. Also, environmental optimization is an important component of civil engineering. Civil engineers play â€Å"... two main roles: building/managing infrastructure and sustaining environmental resources† (Grigg 2). This means that the civil engineer is trained to set up structures that are sensitive to the natural environment and the natural habitat. This means that they have a responsibility to build structures that provide the best options for humans as well as other living organisms like plants, animals and fishes. In practice, civil engineers are involved in estimating construction costs and specifying materials to be used. They prepare surveys and apply scientific knowledge to building. Benefits of Civil Engineering to the World In each generation, civil engineers design products, processes and systems and inco rporate technology (Crawley et al 7). Historically, people have always wanted to improve their lives by building settlements to create fulfilling lives. This desire led to the establishment of the first human settlements. The earliest settlements used contemporary technology to design and build structures that provided the kind of livelihood that they wanted. Elements of civil engineering was used in each of these generations. The earliest roles of

Is poverty a human rights violations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is poverty a human rights violations - Essay Example Poverty cannot be realistically or morally confined within the convectional parameters such as living under less than dollar a day as is the trend. Sane criticizes these ceiling and claims that their very existence in a way seems to legitimize and justify the existence of poverty (3). While governments are supposed to strive to achieve the millennium development goals in regard to halving poverty in the world, they needs must take cognizance of the fact that this goals justify the very existence of poverty which is in contradiction of all moral and human principles. In his quest to classify poverty as a human rights violation, Sane creates and systematic irrevocable connection between poverty and the five families of human rights, he argues that poverty invariably violates social rights and to a various extent all the other classes of human rights. By his reasoning, poverty is without doubt just as serious as genocide and political crimes; however, since these two are considered ille gal and against human rights, governments and international communities take it as their onus to expedite their elimination to whatever extent they can with a remarkable, albeit not complete success. When human beings are disenfranchised of any or one of all their social, cultural political or economic rights, poverty inevitably gains ingress into their life, therefore as long as individuals and communities are deprived of their basic human rights, poverty inevitably results (Sane 3). Governments are tasked with the responsibly of ensuring the welfare of their citizens, therefore in every society or state where poverty exists the government can be viewed as having failed in its mandate of protecting its citizenry. Poverty is just like any other injustice and atrocity that faces humanity; consequently, at the end of the day in the self-same way the state rushes to protect its people from epidemics such as floods or violence, it should mobilize support against the scourge of poverty. By considering the existence of poverty as a violation of human rights, the steps towards the development of a lasting solution can be taken from local and international perspectives. The elimination of poverty can only commence if its perception as a natural qualitative or qualitative shortfall is radically changed, this way, the political will and by extension means to tackle it will be galvanized into action. Sane makes a bold claim to the effect that poverty should be abolished, this comes off initially as a naive point and the writer admits that much, nevertheless he argues that the notion should not be dismissed on the basis of face value. Poverty can be abolished but for this to happen the lenses through which society considers it were to undergo a radical change, to this end, poverty should not be seen as passive condition a deplorable consequence of the struggle for limited resources. Instead it should be seen as a systematic and enduring violation of hum rights therefore a nd injustice that required expedient redress (Sane 3). By virtue of the fact that human rights are universal and the bodies charged with the task of enforcing them such as the UN have global latitude automatically makes poverty a global issue. Nevertheless, despite the fact that globalization is popularly perceive as a progressive concept but global corporates and governments use it to conceal their sinister agenda under euphemism such as free trade (Klein 247). Through

Peace order in country Essay Example for Free

Peace order in country Essay There are three types of peace orders: Interim peace orders. If you wish to file for a peace order but the district court clerk’s office is closed, you can file for an interim order by going to the nearest District Court commissioner. If the commissioner believes that you have been abused by the person you are filing against and that the abuser is likely to abuse you again in the future, s/he may issue an interim peace order.* An interim peace order goes into effect once the respondent is served by a law enforcement officer. *1 The interim peace order lasts until a judge holds a temporary peace order hearing or until the end of the second business day that the court clerk’s office is open after the interim peace order is issued, whichever comes sooner. If the court is closed on the day on which the interim peace order is due to expire, the interim peace order will be effective until the next day on which the court is open, at which time the court shall hold a temporary peace order hearing.*2 The interim peace order has to include the date for the temporary peace order hearing, and a tentative date for the final peace order hearing.*3 Note: Even if you are denied an interim peace order, you can still apply for a temporary or final peace order.*4 Temporary peace orders. When you go to court during normal court hours to file for a final peace order, you can ask for a temporary peace order, which can be issued the same day. If the judge believes that you have been abused by the person you are filing against and that the abuser is likely to abuse you again in the future, s/he may issue a temporary peace order. This order can be issued with or without the abuser present.*5 The order is effective when it is served.*6 The temporary order is in effect for up to 7 days after service of the order unless the court is closed on the day on which the temporary peace order is due to expire. In that case, the temporary peace order shall be effective until the second day on which the court is open, by which time the court should hold a final peace order hearing. However, the judge may extend the temporary order to allow for service of the order or for another good reason, but not to more than 30 days.*7 Note: If the respondent is at the hearing, the judge may go ahead and hold a hearing for a final peace order instead of a temporary one if you and the respondent agree to this.*8 Final peace orders. The respondent has the opportunity to be present at the final peace order hearing. If the judge believes that you have been abused by the person you are filing against and that the abuser is likely to abuse you again in the future, s/he may issue a final peace order, which can last for up to 6 months.*9 As of October 2011, peace orders can be extended.*10 See Can I modify, cancel or extend my peace order? for more information.